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Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) designed and built 10 robotic interplanetary probes named Mariner to explore the inner Solar System – visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for additional close observations. [1]
Mariner 9 revealed great volcanoes and valleys on Mars. It found the planet had a very thin, cold atmosphere, mostly of carbon dioxide. Mariners laid the groundwork for all the deep space exploration missions that followed.
Program Mariner (pol. Żeglarz) – program misji amerykańskich sond kosmicznych przeznaczonych do prowadzenia badań Merkurego, Wenus i Marsa. Program Mariner został zapoczątkowany przez NASA w 1960 roku i realizowany był przez Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Mariner 1, built to conduct the first American planetary flyby of Venus, was the first spacecraft of NASA's interplanetary Mariner program. Developed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and originally planned to be a purpose-built probe launched summer 1962, Mariner 1's design was changed when the Centaur proved
Mariner 10 was the first spacecraft sent to the planet Mercury; the first mission to explore two planets (Mercury and Venus) during a single mission; the first to return to its primary destination for another look; and the first to use a gravity assist to change its flight path.
NASA's Mariner 2 was humanity's first successful planetary science mission. The first close-up look at another planet was full of surprises: Mariner 2 found Venus to be inhospitable, and far hotter than expected. 1. Microwave Radiometer. 2. Infrared Radiometer. 3. Fluxgate Magnetometer. 4. Cosmic Dust Detector. 5. Solar Plasma Spectrometer. 6.
The Mariner series of spacecraft were interplanetary probes designed to investigate Mars, Venus, and Mercury. The program included a number of firsts, including the first planetary flyby, the first planetary orbiter, and the first gravity assist.
