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Cardinal functions. The internal energy of a system depends on its entropy S, its volume V and its number of massive particles: U(S,V, {Nj}). It expresses the thermodynamics of a system in the energy representation. As a function of state, its arguments are exclusively extensive variables of state.
A reaction or process in which heat is transferred to a system from its surroundings is endothermic. The first law of thermodynamics states that the energy of the universe is constant. The change in the internal energy of a system is the sum of the heat transferred and the work done.
Internal energy, U, of a system or body with well-defined boundaries is the sum of kinetic energy owing to molecular motion and potential energy due to vibrational motion and electric energy of atoms within molecules.
The first law of thermodynamics is given as \ (\Delta U = Q - W\), where \ (\Delta U\) is the change in internal energy of a system, \ (Q\) is the net heat transfer (the sum of all heat transfer into ….
An energy form inherent in every system is the internal energy, which arises from the molecular state of motion of matter. The symbol U is used for the internal energy and the unit of measurement is the joules (J).
Internal energy is defined as the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of molecules. It is separated in scale from the macroscopic ordered energy associated with moving objects; it refers to the invisible microscopic energy on the atomic and molecular scale.
18 lip 2023 · Equation \(\ref{2}\) tells us how to detect and measure changes in the internal energy of a system. If we carry out any process in a closed container the volume remains constant), the quantity of heat absorbed by the system equals the increase in internal energy.
