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Postnatal rubella (German measles) is a generally mild, self-limited illness characterized by rash, lymphadenopathy, and low-grade fever. However, congenital rubella may cause a number of anomalies, depending on the organ system involved and gestational age.
Rubella virus (RuV) is the pathogenic agent of the disease rubella, transmitted only between humans via the respiratory route, and is the main cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of pregnancy.
Rubella (German measles) is a common mild disease characterized by a rash. It affects children and adolescents worldwide and can also affect young adults. When rubella virus infects susceptible women early in pregnancy, it may be transmitted to the fetus and may cause birth defects.
Togaviridae is a family of small, enveloped viruses with single-stranded positive-sense RNA genomes of 10–12 kb (Table 1. Togaviridae). Within the family, the Alphavirus genus includes a large number of species that are mostly mosquito-borne and pathogenic in their vertebrate hosts.
Rubella virus causes a vaccine-preventable disease (commonly referred to as German measles). The disease in children and adults can be asymptomatic or associated with symptoms such as a rash, fever, sore throat, and fatigue ( Bakshi and Cooper, 1989 ).
Rubella virus is an enveloped RNA virus with a single antigenic type that does not cross-react with other togaviruses. Rubella virus can be grown in several common laboratory cell lines. Sequencing of the ∼10 000 nucleotide long, single-stranded rubella genome has been completed.
Togaviruses are important veterinary pathogens, and are transmitted via mosquitoes. Some of them are zoonotic viruses, including Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). Rubella virus is the only member of togavirus family that causes significant disease in human—German measles.
