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4 sty 2020 · The Three Rs concept of alternatives to animal experimentation. In: van Zutphen LFM, Balls M (eds) Animal alternatives, welfare and ethics . Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1997, pp. 27–41.
R-39 był trzystopniowym pociskiem na paliwo stałe, z silnikami pierwszego i drugiego stopnia w osłonie epoksydowej, o zasięgu 8300 km. W celu zmniejszenia rozmiarów pocisku w silnikach I i II stopnia zastosowano wysuwane dysze.
Here we describe and explain the original definitions of the 3Rs in the Principles, examine how current definitions differ among themselves and from Russell and Burch's definitions, and suggest relevant considerations for evaluating all definitions of the 3Rs.
Abstract. In 1955–57, in the course of a study initiated by Charles Hume and the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Rex Burch and I conceived of the Three Rs of humane experimental technique — replacement, reduction and refinement. Except for the foundation, in 1969, and the early work, of FRAME, the next two decades saw little ...
R-39. Russian submarine-launched ballistic missile. First Russian solid-propellant submarine-launched ballistic missile. Deployed on six Typhoon subs, 1984-2004. Proposed as the basis for numerous satellite launchers. AKA: 3M65;D-19 Grom;Rif-M;RSM-52;SS-N-20;Sturgeon. Status: Retired. Payload: 2,550 kg (5,620 lb).
The R-39 Rif (Russian: Р-39 Риф, lit. ' reef '; NATO reporting name: SS-N-20 Sturgeon; bilateral arms control designation: RSM-52) was a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) that served with the Soviet Navy from its introduction in 1983 until 1991, after which it served with the Russian Navy until 2004.
The 3 R’s hierarchy starts with “Reduce,” the best way to manage waste. Then comes “Reuse,” and lastly “Recycle.”. This hierarchy shows that it’s best to reduce and reuse items first. Recycling uses more energy and resources and has a bigger environmental impact.
