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The 3Rs were primarily formulated to improve the humanity of animal experiments (i.e. to improve animal welfare), although application of Refinement will often also improve an experiment's validity. The Three Vs have been proposed specifically to improve the validity of animal experiments.
Abstract. In 1955–57, in the course of a study initiated by Charles Hume and the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Rex Burch and I conceived of the Three Rs of humane experimental technique — replacement, reduction and refinement. Except for the foundation, in 1969, and the early work, of FRAME, the next two decades saw little ...
Journal of Paint Technology, 39, No. 505, 104 (1967). F. Hansen, C. M., and K. Skaarup, "Some Aspects of the Three Dimensional Solubility Para ... 1 II :J n !I il 'I Ii f) Ii II II Chapter 2 The Three Dimensional Solubility Parameter 2.1 Introduction
The Origins and Early Days of the Three Rs Concept. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, Vol. 37, Issue. 3, p. 255.
Balls Michael, Goldberg Alan M, Fentem Julia H, Broadhead Caren L, Burch Rex L, Festing Michael F W, Frazier John M, Hendriksen Coenraad F M, Jennings Margaret, van der Kamp Margot D O, et al. The three Rs: the way forward: the report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 11. Altern Lab Anim. 1995 Nov-Dec;23(6):838–866.
Nationally, increasing attention has been directed toward reducing readmission rates and thus identifying patients with the highest risk for readmission. This article summarizes the evidence related to decreasing readmission for patients with heart failure within 30 days after discharge, focusing on the acute setting.
30 lis 2004 · Abstract. The Three Rs are the main principles used by Animal Ethics Committees in the governance of animal experimentation, but they appear not to cover some ethical issues that arise today.
