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An invasion of Portugal by French and Spanish forces occurred from 19–30 November 1807 during the Napoleonic Wars, sparking the Peninsular War. The Franco-Spanish invasion force was led by Jean-Andoche Junot, while the Portuguese were under the nominal command of Prince Regent John.
Napoleon instructed Junot, with the cooperation of Spanish military troops, to invade Portugal, moving west from Alcántara along the Tagus valley to Portugal, a distance of only 120 miles (193 km). [25]
The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign (French: Campagne de Russie), the Second Polish War, and in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Russian: Оте́чественная война́ 1812 го́да, romanized: Otéchestvennaya voyná 1812 góda), was initiated by Napoleon with the aim of compelling the Russian ...
23 lip 2010 · Pause a moment to ponder the horrific human cost represented by this map: Napoleon entered Russia with 442.000 men, took Moscow with only 100.000 men left, wandered around its abandoned ruins for...
17 lut 2011 · Remains found in a mass grave outside Vilnius in Lithuania hold vital clues to the fate of Napoleon's Grand Army and the catastrophic retreat from Moscow in 1812. Paul Britten-Austin takes up...
the crucial Portuguese invasion, confi-dence and rapport between the two men slowly deteriorated, resulting in the failure of the campaign and the demise of Massena. From their first meeting in 1793, when Napoleon commanded the artil-lery of Massena's brigade, each man formed a sincere respect for the oth-er's abilities. The following year
Finding that Moscow had been set alight by retreating Russian forces, Napoleon was forced to turn back in terrible winter conditions. Freezing cold, starvation and disease, more than rearguard enemy action, resulted in the loss of most of the army of almost half a million men.
