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Revision notes on 2.4.1 Water & the Hydrogen Bond for the CIE A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams.
Electron energy can be used to move H + ions across the membrane. Electrons are donated by water molecules and accepted by NADP molecules that form NADPH. The membranes of the grana create a large surface area to increase the number of light-dependent reactions that can occur.
12 sie 2024 · In biology, intramolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins and nucleic acids. The hydrogen bonds help the proteins and nucleic acids form and maintain specific shapes.
An electron transport chain, or ETC, is composed of a group of protein complexes in and around a membrane that help energetically couple a series of exergonic/spontaneous red/ox reactions to the endergonic pumping of protons across the membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient.
2 lut 2023 · The electron transport chain (ETC) is a group of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Each chain member transfers electrons in a series of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions to form a protongradient that drives ATPsynthesis.
Electron transport is the final stage of aerobic respiration. In this stage, energy from NADH and FADH 2 is transferred to ATP. During electron transport, energy is used to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane space.
The electron transport chain is a collection of proteins found on the inner membrane of mitochondria. NADH release the hydrogen ions and electrons into the transport chain.
