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In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, Hund's rules refers to a set of rules that German physicist Friedrich Hund formulated around 1925, which are used to determine the term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom.
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity. [1]
30 sty 2023 · Hund's rule states that: Every orbital in a sublevel is singly occupied before any orbital is doubly occupied. All of the electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin (to maximize total spin).
2. For a given multiplicity, the term with the largest value of L lies lowest in energy. 3. For atoms with less than half-filled shells, the level with the lowest value of J lies lowest in energy. Hund's rules assume combination to form S and L, or imply L-S (Russell-Saunders) coupling.
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. The rule states that, for a stated electron configuration, the greatest value of spin multiplicity has the lowest energy term. It says if two or more than two orbitals having the same amount of energy are unoccupied then the electrons will start occupying them individually before they fill them in pairs.
29 maj 2024 · The first of Hund’s rules states that for a given electron shell, electrons should occupy separate orbitals with their spins parallel until each orbital in that shell has at least one electron. This rule is sometimes referred to as the “maximum multiplicity” rule.
30 cze 2023 · Hund's First Rule (Maximize Spin Multiplicity) According to the first rule, electrons always enter an empty orbital before they pair up. Electrons are negatively charged and, as a result, they repel each other.
