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  1. CROSS TABULATIONS / White Cross tabulations of qualitative data are a fundamental tool of empirical research. Their interpretation in terms of testing hypotheses requires a number of...

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  2. This chapter, explores ways to analyze relationships between two variables when the dependent variable is non-numeric, either ordinal or nominal in nature. To follow along in R, you should load the anes20 data set and make sure to attach the libraries for the descr, dplyr, and Hmisc packages.

  3. The chi-square test can be used to test cross-tabulated counts from any size frequency table. Let R denote the number of rows in the table and C denote the number of columns.

  4. In the “Cells” dialog box, make sure that “Observed” counts are selected and that “Column” percentages have been requested. Now click “Continue.”

  5. • Run omnibus, and if called-for, post -hoc tests • Correct your family -wise error rate as necessary • Report test statistic, DoF, p-value, and effect size

  6. 8 wrz 2017 · In this chapter, we will introduce the concept of hypothesis testing and explain statistical tests used for hypothesis testing for categorical variables. These tests generally benefit from cross tabulation of data.

  7. Identify the four steps of hypothesis testing. Define null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, level of significance, test statistic, p value, and statistical significance. Define Type I error and Type II error, and identify the type of error that researchers control. Calculate the one-independent sample z test and interpret the results.