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  1. Selection of Structural Shapes. The most common shapes used for horizontal bracing are single angles and WT-shapes. Single angles are the most economical shape for resist-ing small and medium loads, because WT-shapes must be split from W-shapes and straightened by the fabricator.

  2. bracing is effective only if the horizontal is very stiff or if it is tied by a second horizontal. Bracing that is required only for construction purposes may be removed once construction is complete if it impedes maintenance opera-tions or adversely affects the performance of the bridge in service. However, it is often

  3. This volume provides: a) an overview of bracing utilized for I-girders, b) a discussion of the bracing systems for tub girders, and c) design requirements for the members and connections of bracing systems.

  4. positively attached to the girders, provides continuous bracing of the top flange in the finished structure, and provides stability to the overall bridge system. The deck will also act as a horizontal diaphragm that is capable of transferring lateral loads, such as wind or seismic loads, to the supports.

  5. A bracing system is a secondary but essential part of a bridge structure. A bracing system serves to stabilize the main girders during construction, to contribute to the distribution of load effects and to provide restraint to compression flanges or chords where they would otherwise be free to buckle laterally.

  6. Horizontal bracing. At each floor level, bracing in a horizontal plane, generally provided by floor plate action, provides a load path to transfer the horizontal forces (mainly from the perimeter columns, due to wind) to the planes of vertical bracing.

  7. Bracing systems serve a number of important roles in both straight and horizontally curved bridges. The braces provide stability to the primary girders as well as improving the lateral or torsional stiffness and strength of the bridge system both during construction and in service.

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