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  1. Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. As we learned earlier in this chapter, heat transfer is the movement of energy from one place or material to another as a result of a difference in temperature.

  2. Heat conduction is the transfer of heat between two objects in direct contact with each other. The rate of heat transfer P (energy per unit time) is proportional to the temperature difference \(T_h−T_c\) and the contact area A and inversely proportional to the distance d between the objects.

  3. Heat Transfer and Temperature Change. A practical approximation for the relationship between heat transfer and temperature change is: \[Q = mc\Delta T,\] where \(Q\) is the symbol for heat transfer (“quantity of heat”), m is the mass of the substance, and \(\Delta T\) is the change in temperature.

  4. Heat is the transfer of energy due to a temperature difference. Temperature is defined in terms of the instrument we use to tell us how hot or cold an object is, based on a mechanism and scale invented by people.

  5. Heat is a form of energy, whereas temperature is not. The misconception arises because we are sensitive to the flow of heat, rather than the temperature. Owing to the fact that heat is a form of energy, it has the SI unit of joule (J).

  6. A measure of the warmth or coldness of an object or substance with reference to some standard value. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms of units or degrees designated on a standard scale.

  7. Learn the theoretical and operational definitions of temperature and heat, and how they are measured with different types of thermometers. Explore the history and evolution of temperature scales, from Celsius and Fahrenheit to Kelvin and Rankine.

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