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In the fetus, heart failure can be caused by a myriad of factors that include fetal shunting abnormalities, genetic cardiomyopathies, extracardiac malformations, arrhythmias and structural congenital heart disease.
1 lip 2023 · Indications for performance of fetal echocardiography (Table 1), the gold standard test to diagnose congenital heart disease (CHD) in the fetus, have evolved over the years. The discussion in this section hinges on the quality and sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound screening for cardiac abnormalities, the basic or detailed obstetric anatomic ...
Congenital heart disease is a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality from birth defects with an estimated incidence of 6 per 1000 live births for moderate to severe forms. 1,2 Accurate prenatal diagnosis offers potential clinical benefit with regard to infant outcome, especially in
2 cze 2023 · Effective fetal cardiac screening should maximize detection of structural anomalies and (according to available expertise and resources) abnormalities of function and rhythm, as part of routine prenatal care.
The diagnosis of cardiac disease in the fetus is mostly made with ultrasound; however, new technologies, including 3- and 4-dimensional echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and fetal electrocardiography and magnetocardiography, are available.
Routine fetal cardiac ultrasound using four-chamber and outflow-tract views enables the detection and characterization of most of the cardiac anomalies. A further comprehensive evaluation can be performed with fetal echocardiography, particularly in high-risk pregnancies and extracardiac anomalies.
17 gru 2019 · Endothelial inflammation is caused by altered NO signaling, and animal models have demonstrated sex differences in NO signaling and response to pressure overload, specifically concentric ventricular remodeling in females versus eccentric remodeling in males.
