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The carbon equivalent (CET) formula is convenient for analyzing Q + T steels and their cold cracking behavior. The CET equation gives information about the combined effects of different alloying elements, as compared to only carbon.
The CEN formula was proposed to evaluate the weldability of a wide variety of steels. For the higher C range, the values of CEN correlate well with carbon equivalents such as CE IIW, whereas for lower carbon steels the values are close to those of the CEq formula. CEN is given by:
The carbon equivalent is a measure of the tendency of the weld to form martensite on cooling and to suffer brittle fracture. When the carbon equivalent is between 0.40 and 0.60 weld preheat may be necessary.
The Great Minds of Carbon Equivalent. Part lll: The Evolution of Carbon Equivalent Equations. Wesley Wang, Senior Engineer Materials Group, EWI. In welding, carbon equivalent (CE) calculations are used to predict heat affected zone (HAZ) hardenability in steels.
Our carbon equivalent calculator is simple to use: Enter the weight percentage composition of each alloying element in their respective fields. Ensure you don't leave blanks — if any element is absent in your alloy, enter 0 in its field. The calculator will automatically determine the carbon equivalent in the following manner:
In 1958, eighteen years after Dearden and O’Neill’s initial proposal on carbon equivalent (CE), the concept was accepted by British Standard BS2642[1]. The standard was then amended to include the following modified version of their equation: C+Si/24+Mn/6+Cr/5+Ni/13+. CE = (1) V/5+Mo/4+Cu/15.
PCM. The carbon equivalent PCM is based on Japanese results from Ito and Bessyo in 1969 [7]. It can be used for short cooling times and root welding [8]. Equation: PCM = C + Si/30 + (Mn + Cu + Cr)/20 + Mo/15 + Ni/60 + V/10 + 5*B . CEM
