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In welding, carbon equivalent (CE) calculations are used to predict heat affected zone (HAZ) hardenability in steels. These CE equations can be used to establish criteria to predict cold-cracking, as they can predict maximum hardness.
Carbon equivalent formulae were originally developed to give a numerical value for a steel composition which would give an indication of a carbon content which would contribute to an equivalent level of hardenability for that steel.
Carbon Equivalent. The carbon equivalent value (CE) is an index that combines the effect of Si and P upon the eutectic of iron and carbon and it is defined as:CE=Total %C+ (%Si+%P)/3The CE shows how close a given composition of iron is to the theoretical iron–carbon eutectic (CE=4.3%) and, therefore, how much free graphite is likely to be ...
In 1958, eighteen years after Dearden and O’Neill’s initial proposal on carbon equivalent (CE), the concept was accepted by British Standard BS2642[1]. The standard was then amended to include the following modified version of their equation: C+Si/24+Mn/6+Cr/5+Ni/13+. CE = (1) V/5+Mo/4+Cu/15.
The carbon equivalent can thus be generally understood as a measure of a material's tendency to cold cracking depending on its chemical composition. It also serves as a basis for calculating the minimum preheating temperature Tp and the cooling time t8/5, which are necessary to exclude cold cracking after cooling of the weld seam.
The equivalent carbon content concept is used on ferrous materials, typically steel and cast iron, to determine various properties of the alloy when more than just carbon is used as an alloyant, which is typical. The idea is to convert the percentage of alloying elements other than carbon to the equivalent carbon percentage, because the iron ...
The performance of the Niton Apollo handheld LIBS analyzer demonstrates the ability to accurately and repeatedly capture carbon content, as well as automatically calculate carbon equivalence using a prescribed formula via pseudo element feature.
