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1 wrz 2012 · The minimum energy required to desalinate water is proportional to the salinity of the raw water, but the energy required in practice also depends upon the technology employed.
1 sty 2021 · Here, we present an attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) for the softening of drinking water, including effects at the household level and several sensitivity analyses. Five central softening methods were included (pellet reactor (PR), water storage reservoir (WSR), reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF) and ion exchange (IEX)).
15 wrz 2021 · We developed a framework for evaluating softening technologies using indicators. The indicators should be quantified considering local conditions and source water. Drinking water softening is often implemented to increase consumer convenience e.g. by reducing lime scaling and soap use.
We present solutions to maximize the energy efficiency of the entire water cycle. The aim? Conserve natural resources and limit greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fossil fuels. What are the challenges raised by energy efficiency?
6 cze 2023 · Study results show that softeners exposed to hydrocarbon-contaminated water may need to be repeatedly flushed to remove BTEX contamination or be replaced. Additional work is recommended to better understand softener impacts on drinking water quality. Keywords: Ion-exchange, softener, water quality, contamination, plumbing, drinking water, leaching.
Precipitation softening processes are used to reduce raw water hardness, alkalinity, silica, and other constituents. This helps prepare water for direct use as cooling tower makeup or as a first-stage treatment followed by ion exchange for boiler makeup or process use.
Hard water can be softened using an ion exchange softening process. This guide discusses the ion exchange water softening process and related equipment used for household water treatment. An ion is an atom or molecule that has a positive or negative electrical charge.
