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This article aims to summarize four major models of language learning and acquisition that have been proposed as theoretical frameworks for classroom instruction and textbook design, and to discuss their impact on textbook-based language learning.
The four most com-monly used languages are Chinese, English, Spanish, and Hindi, which are acquired by over 2 billion as L1s and almost 1.7 billion as L2s, as shown in 2.1 (based on Zhu 2001 and Crystal 1997b): Even just among these four numerically dominant languages, there is great variance.
4 INTRODUCING SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION of grammatical complexity we have to attain, and whether speaking or reading skills are more important. The following are distinctions com-monly made in the literature: • A second language is typically an official or societally dominant lan-
The Cambridge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition What is language, and how can we investigate its acquisition by children or adults? What perspectives exist from which to view acquisition? What internal constraints and external factors shape acquisition? What are the properties of interlanguage systems? This comprehensive 31-chapter ...
The principle of the four strands (Nation, 2007) states that a well balanced language course should consist of four equal strands – meaning focused input, meaning focused output, language focused learning, and fluency development. Each strand should receive a roughly equal amount of time in a course.
This useful textbook serves as a guide to different types of language acquisition: monolingual and bilingual rst language development and. fi. child and adult second language acquisition. Unlike other books, it system-atically compares rst and second language acquisition, drawing on data. fi.
Linguists have identified five basic components (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics) found across languages.1 Language acquisition progresses across these components with increasing quantity (e.g., sounds, words, and sentence length) and gradual refinement, and understanding of the subtler and more complex points of usage (...
