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Cardiovascular and respiratory systems undergo extensive changes during foetal through neonatal life and infancy until early childhood. Thus, respiratory and cardiovascular physiology is different in young children, especially in neonates and infants, from that of older children and adults.
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Increased airway resistance: Increased work of breathing,...
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Selection criteria. We considered all randomised controlled...
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Evidence from this update supports the continued use of a...
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Identify key characteristics that make the pediatric respiratory system different than adults. Explore common conditions associated with pediatric illness. Review and identify specific characteristics of pediatric anatomy as it differs from adults.
Lung function growth tracks along trajectories after birth and lung function at birth is a major determinant of lung function throughout childhood. Premature birth per se results in abnormal lungs and these changes are magnified by mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen therapy. Environmental exposures that may decrease lung growth ...
The diversity and prevalence of respiratory illnesses in children requires paediatricians to understand basic respiratory physi-ology and respiratory function monitoring. This discussion will review normal respiratory physiology and explore forms of res-piratory monitoring.
Physiology: . Mechanics of breathing: pressure, volume, compliance, resistance. Principles governing gas exchange: O2 and CO2 transport. Effects of ventilation perfusion mismatch and shunting. Principles of oxygen supply, delivery to the tissues and consumption. Functions of haemoglobin in oxygen carriage . Acid-base equilibrium .
Spirometry enables the assessment of general respiratory health and is an important tool in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary diseases in children. Although there are differences in certain aspects, both current BTS/SIGN and NICE guidelines highlight the central role of spirometry for the diagnosis and management of asthma.
This paper will give an overview of normal respiratory physiology and how to assess the efficiency of gas ex-change. It will also discuss common methods of respiratory monitoring including pulse oximetry, carbon dioxide monitoring, pulmonary function tests and respiratory inductance plethysmography.
