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An indirect water supply system is the most common type found in modern houses. The mains water comes in via a rising main and directly feeds at least one cold tap at the kitchen sink with ‘potable’ water (i.e. water which is fit for drinking, cooking etc) and may also feed a washing machine, a shower and an outside tap etc.
This DIY guide looks at the various cold water systems found within a home that include direct cold water systems and indirect cold water systems and how each of these systems works to supply water to a variety of appliances.
direct cross connection is a piping system connecting a raw water supply, used for industrial fire fighting, to a municipal water system. • An indirect cross connection is an arrangement whereby unsafe water, or other liquid, may be blown, siphoned or otherwise diverted into a safe water system.
Major tasks of water systems design: 1. Assessment & estimation of demands. 2. Supply scheme & schematic. 3. Water storage requirements. 4. Piping layout. 5. Pipe sizing. 6. Pump system design. The systems must comply with Water Authority (WSD) requirements. General principles for installing plumbing works (from WSD Plumbing Installation Handbook)
The first (diagram 1 and 2 below), uses water supplied ‘directly’ from the water main, called a direct system and the other method (diagram 3 below) uses a storage tank (cistern) to give a store of cold water, then distributes the water around the home, known as an indirect system.
The indirect system of cold water supply has only one drinking water outlet, at the sink. The cold water storage cistern has a minimum capacity of 230 litres, for location in the roof space. The high-rise cold water supply systems have a non-return valve fitted to the outlet of each booster pump.
Indirect System. An indirect cold water system is when water is supplied to the house at mains pressure, this water is fed directly to a cold water storage cistern via the supply pipe called the 'rising main'.
