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This volume provides: a) an overview of bracing utilized for I-girders, b) a discussion of the bracing systems for tub girders, and c) design requirements for the members and connections of bracing systems.
To provide horizontal stability: - Wind girders at roof level, or at intermediate levels if required - Vertical bracing in the side walls and/or in the gables. Two types of general arrangement of the structure of a typical single-storey building are shown in Figure 1.2 and in Figure 1.3.
guidance for the bracing of non-structural walls and ceilings, while providing engineers with a first principles document enabling efficient and consistent specific designs, where required. This range of pre-engineered, off the shelf solutions enables architects, designers, structural engineers, construction companies
This paper con-siders three methods for design considered acceptable by the American Institute of Steel Con-struction Task Group on Heavy Bracing Connections and shows that these methods satisfy first prin-ciples from a limit analysis point of view, and are consistent with the results of extensive research per-formed on this problem since 1981.
Bracing systems serve a number of important roles in both straight and horizontally curved bridges. The braces provide stability to the primary girders as well as improving the lateral or torsional stiffness and strength of the bridge system both during construction and in service.
Selection of Structural Shapes. The most common shapes used for horizontal bracing are single angles and WT-shapes. Single angles are the most economical shape for resist-ing small and medium loads, because WT-shapes must be split from W-shapes and straightened by the fabricator.
Horizontal wind (racking) forces on the external surfaces are transferred by horizontal or near horizontal diaphragms and bracing. Diaphragms include roofs, ceilings and floor surfaces
