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This volume provides: a) an overview of bracing utilized for I-girders, b) a discussion of the bracing systems for tub girders, and c) design requirements for the members and connections of bracing systems.
bracing is effective only if the horizontal is very stiff or if it is tied by a second horizontal. Bracing that is required only for construction purposes may be removed once construction is complete if it impedes maintenance opera-tions or adversely affects the performance of the bridge in service. However, it is often
Selection of Structural Shapes. The most common shapes used for horizontal bracing are single angles and WT-shapes. Single angles are the most economical shape for resist-ing small and medium loads, because WT-shapes must be split from W-shapes and straightened by the fabricator.
To provide horizontal stability: - Wind girders at roof level, or at intermediate levels if required - Vertical bracing in the side walls and/or in the gables. Two types of general arrangement of the structure of a typical single-storey building are shown in Figure 1.2 and in Figure 1.3.
bracing (see Figure 2) or ‘channel bracing’ (see next page and Figure 5) is normally used. If temporary formwork is used for slab con-struction, the bracing needs to be sufficiently below the top flange to provide clearance. Figure 2 K-bracing In detailing a connection, moments induced in the stiffeners and bracing members can be
Bracing systems serve a number of important roles in both straight and horizontally curved bridges. The braces provide stability to the primary girders as well as improving the lateral or torsional stiffness and strength of the bridge system both during construction and in service.
This publication covers the design of braced steel-framed medium rise buildings, offers guidance on the structural design of the superstructure and gives general advice on such issues as foundations, building layout, service integration and construction programme. It
