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• cN xi: Accessory nerve • cN xii: Hypoglossal nerve * Rarely evaluated in clinical practice The following tests are done to assess cranial nerves and nerves involved in the response or reflex; afferent (A) and efferent (E) nerves are listed. • menace response (Figure 1): A: CN II (retina); E: CN VI, CN VII; in addition, the thalamus,
30 paź 2023 · Pathway. The pathway of the accessory nerve can be subdivided into several components. The nerve has an intracranialcourse, a brief passage through a foramen, and an extracranialcourse. The extracranial course can be further subdivided into the course in the anterior, and then in the posterior, triangles of the neck.
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Additional observations to note while evaluating the cranial nerves include eye movement, muscle tone, and facial symmetry. Nystagmus, or involuntary jerking eye movements with a fast-to-slow rhythm, occurs in disease involving the vestibular system.
18 lip 2016 · The 12 cranial nerves of the dog emerge from or enter the brain through foramina of the skull to innervate structures of the head and body. They are sensory, motor, or mixed in function.
12 paź 2023 · The accessory nerve is the eleventh paired cranial nerve. It has a purely somatic motor function, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the accessory nerve – its anatomical course, motor functions and clinical correlations.
The Neurologic Examination. A neurologic examination evaluates 1) the head and cranial nerves, 2) the gait, or walk, 3) the neck and front legs, and 4) the torso, hind legs, anus, and tail.
Twelve pairs of cranial nerves (CN) positioned symmetrically right and left emerge from various parts of the brain and brainstem. They are identified by numbers I–XII and by names which are inspired from Latin and Greek and give a hint to the function of the nerve.
