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  1. Insect species can be placed into one of three groups (transcending phylogenetic relationships) depending upon the metabolic fuels used for flight. Group 1 contains insects which oxidize carbohydrate (glycogen, blood sugars) plus proline providing the C2 and C4 inputs for the tricarboxylic acid cycle, respectively.

  2. The flight of an insect involves very rapid oxidation of respiratory fuels by the flight muscle (see reviews by Sacktor 1965, 1970 and Chapter 1). High, overall levels of metabolism of working flight muscle have been calculated (Weis-Fogh, 1952) and flight is known

  3. After briefly describing wing morphology and kinematics, we discuss the main vortices generated by flapping wings and the aerodynamic forces associated with these structures, focusing on leading-edge vortices (LEVs), wake vortices, and vortices generated by wing motions over a broad Re range.

  4. 9 maj 2006 · Like any aircraft, an animal capable of active flight must possess three critical features: a light but powerful engine; wings capable of generating sufficient aerodynamic forces; and a control system to keep it from tumbling to the ground.

  5. 1 gru 2003 · This review covers the basic physical principles underlying flapping flight in insects, results of recent experiments concerning the aerodynamics of insect flight, as well as the different approaches used to model these phenomena.

  6. 5 maj 1994 · By uniting fossil, structural, and phylogenetic information with his empirical studies, he draws a coherent, well-substantialed picture of the evolution of insect flight. The text is illustrated by numerous fine line drawings.

  7. There has been growing interest in the study of Lévy flights observed in the movements of biological organisms performing random walks while searching for other organisms.

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