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Genetic distances measured with recombination rates are approximately additive: if the distance from gene A to gene B is 15 m.u. and the distance from gene B to gene C is 20 m.u., the distance from gene A to gene C is 35 m.u. A female mouse is heterozygous for the three linked genes described.
The stages of cell division oversee the separation of identical genetic material into two new nuclei, followed by the division of the cytoplasm. Animal cell mitosis is divided into five stages—prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase—visualized here by light microscopy with fluorescence.
By doing this type of analysis with more and more genes (e.g., adding in genes D, E, and F and figuring out their relationships to A, B, and C) we can build up linkage maps of entire chromosomes. In linkage maps, you may see distances expressed as centimorgans or map units rather than recombination frequencies.
Some textbooks list five, breaking prophase into an early phase (called prophase) and a late phase (called prometaphase). These phases occur in strict sequential order, and cytokinesis - the process of dividing the cell contents to make two new cells - starts in anaphase or telophase.
Review the stages of the cell cycle, including the checkpoints, and identify the key features of each stage. Describe how specific protein modifications (e.g., phosphorylation and ubiquitination) result in activation/deactivation of cyclin-CDK complexes to regulate cell cycle checkpoints.
A genetic map (or recombination map) is a representation of the linear order of genes (or loci), and their relative distances determined by crossover frequency, along a chromosome. The fact that such linear maps can be constructed supports the concept of genes being arranged in a fixed, linear order along a single duplex of DNA for each chromosome.
There are two ways cell division can happen in humans and most other animals, called mitosis and meiosis. When a cell divides by way of mitosis, it produces two clones of itself, each with the same number of chromosomes. When a cell divides by way of meiosis, it produces four cells, called gametes.
