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13 godz. temu · In mathematics and computer algebra, automatic differentiation (auto-differentiation, autodiff, or AD), also called algorithmic differentiation, computational differentiation, is a set of techniques to evaluate the partial derivative of a function specified by a computer program.. Automatic differentiation exploits the fact that every computer calculation, no matter how complicated, executes a ...
13 godz. temu · C (pronounced / ˈ s iː / – like the letter c) is a general-purpose programming language.It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems code (especially in kernels), device drivers, and protocol stacks, but its use in ...
13 godz. temu · C++ (/ ˈ s iː p l ʌ s p l ʌ s /, pronounced "C plus plus" and sometimes abbreviated as CPP) is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup.First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language, it has since expanded significantly over time; as of 1997, C++ has object-oriented, generic, and functional features, in ...
13 godz. temu · Linearity. The Schrödinger equation is a linear differential equation, meaning that if two state vectors and are solutions, then so is any linear combination of the two state vectors where a and b are any complex numbers. [13] : 25 Moreover, the sum can be extended for any number of state vectors.
13 godz. temu · In statistics, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a method of estimating the parameters of an assumed probability distribution, given some observed data.This is achieved by maximizing a likelihood function so that, under the assumed statistical model, the observed data is most probable. The point in the parameter space that maximizes the likelihood function is called the maximum likelihood ...
13 godz. temu · The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e, which is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718 281 828 459. The natural logarithm of x is generally written as ln x, log e x, or sometimes, if the base e is implicit, simply log x. Parentheses are sometimes added for clarity, giving ln(x), log e (x), or log(x).
13 godz. temu · Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects Wikimedia Commons; Appearance. ... sophisticated methods of accounting and calculating value emerged, with such calculations both carried out in writing and explained in manuals. ... and expression of interests. These changes have greatly influenced the nature of states, increasing the ...
